1
2
  -2022
..  

( )
  :    : 100
:               
-
1.        
2.      ?         
-
3.               
4.         
-
5.            ?
6.      ?            ?
2
2
-
7.               ?
8.    ?       
  -2022
..  

( )
  :    : 100
:               
-
1.        
:    :   
              
 ,            
           ,    
                 
      ,       
3
2
       ,    , , 
       
      
     -  :
1.     
       ,     -    
     :
     
               , 
      ,      ,   
,                
      ,         
:
          ,       
     ,   -       
     ()    ,   ,      

2. 
- 
       (  )   (   
)              , 
   ,             
,      ,   ,      
                
,      
:
           ,     
             ,    
   ,      
3. - 
          -     , 
    ,          
         
:
         ()     ,  
4
2
 ()              
  ,  -     
4. - 
       (     )   ( 
     )         ,   
,               
        ,       
   
              
     :
1.    :         
              

2.        ,       
          
3.          ,  
     
4.   :             
         
5. 
           
           
   
        ,     
1930                
           :
1.     
           ,  ,
    (,  )    (,  ) 
  
:
  ,               
           
5
2
2. 
     
  ,            
,                
   ,            
:
             ,    
      ,         
3.    
                 
     (        )     
 ,       ,         
     
4. -   
         ,     
           ,   
 (,  )    (,     )
:
2008     ,            
        ,     
    
              
   ,    , ,  (1936) ,  
    ,           
                
           
 :
1.      ,   
2.                
3.           

              , 
,   -        ,  ,  -
6
2
  -           
        
               
    ,          
    ,         ,  
              
    
  :                
         ,   ,   
               ,
          -     
             
 
2.      ?         
:   ?
               
  :       ,         
    ,            
 ,            ( ) 
  
                   
        ,  ,      ,  
       ,    ,       
   
               ₹100  
    ,        ,  
           ,    
              ,   
       ,        
 ₹100     
7
2
 --    ,   :
1.   ():     ₹100   
2.  :   ₹100       80% (₹80
)       
3.
 :   ₹80   ,   80% (₹64 )    
4.  :  ₹64   80%   ,   ₹51.2 
    ,             
 ₹100        
 
      ()    ,     
          :
=11−MPC\text{} = \frac{1}{1 - \text{MPC}}=1−MPC1
  :
 MPC = 0.8 (    80%   ), =11−0.8=5\text{} =
\frac{1}{1 - 0.8} = 5=1−0.81=5
        ₹1    ,     ₹5 
    
               :
        
     ;      
   ( ,    )   
         :
              
          ₹1000    2 , 
   ₹2000 (₹1000 × 2)           
        
,       ,       , 
    
8
2
    
                
 :
     
             ,     
     
 ,           
               
 -       
:        ₹100       ,
   ₹50        ,       
  ,         ,     
             
      

 
 
  -

     
   - 

      
  
,     
    

 
     
     
1.    ():
       ,         

:      90%   ,         
   50%  
9
2
2. :
         ,     ,   
  
3. :
            ,     
4. :
        ,       , 
       
    
           :
         
 ,           
              
:   ,           
(, , )             
          
       
                  ()
 ,      (  )       ,  
   ,   -   ,       
  ;  -  ,        

               
,               ,
      -       , 
                
 
10
2
-
3.               
:  :         
               
       ,       
         ,         
,                 
      ,         
    
  " "            
               
                 , 
        : "       
?"  "         ?"     
            
      
     ;     -     ,
                  
    
1.  
               
       ,            ,
        ,          
 ,      ,      ,     

:              
         ,         
 ,      ,         
      
2.  
                 
  ,           ,    
     ,        
11
2
:              
               
  ,          
3.     
              
     ,           , 
  ,   ,       
:     ,          
        ,        
    
4.  
 ,             
              , 
          
:          ,     
               
5.  
               
               ,
           
               
       
6.    
,               
   ,           , 
   ,             
:              ,  
            
7.     
               
  ,              
,    ,      
12
2
:              
               
8.     
               
                  
,           
          ,      
            
9. 
             
                ,
              
  
              
,                  
10.    
         ,   
              
   ,        
:             
            
11.   
                
        ,        
 ,      ,      
:            ,    
           ,      
    
12.   
              
,                
     ,    ,      
13
2
:             
       

   ,           
                 
    ,     ,      
               
            ,  
          ,  
            
       ,          
               , 
      ,            

4.         
:    
 ,          ,    -  
 -       : , ,   ( ),  
               , 
              1939 
            
        :     ,  
                 
 
  :    
1.  
           
      
    ,       ,     
              ,
              
      
2.  
               
14
2
             , 
        ,      ,  
      ,      ,   
  ,       
    
               
           -   ,  
         :
1.     ?
       ,       
           ,       
-   ,           
  ,               ,
    
2.   
-    -    ,      
   ,   ,      
    
3. 
 ,              -
                
    ,             
,          ,     
4.   
-      ,         
    ,          
5. 
  ()    ,        
,            
      ,     
   
1.   
             
               
    
15
2
2.   
              
 ( )         -  
3.  
-    ,         
    ,   ,       
       
    
   ,      :
1. -
               
     ,    - 
 ,  
   -   -   
2.  
   ,           
 ,              
    ,   ,    
        
3. 
    
  ,            , 
           ,  
,           ,    

4.       
         ,    
               
   
        
                
 :
 :             ,
              
    ,            
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2
  -     ,      
         ,     
       
  :,           
             ,    
   
               
 (       )      

      -        
            ,    
         ,    
             
   ,           
                 
         ,     
         
-
5.            ?
:   ,   
        ,          
   -   ,           
          ,    ,  
         
  
     ,   ,       -
           :
1.  
              
      ,          
  , ,     :   ,  
17
2
        ,         
      
2.  
        ,        
                
  ,     
:100            100   ,
        
3.  
                 
               
       -    ,  
       
4.  
             
            :  ,
         
5. cryptocurrency
             
              
: , 
6.  
           ,  ,     
      
         
  
        -        
       :
1.   
            - 
  ,           (  
      )
:      ,        
              
2.    (  )
              
18
2
                 
   
:    ₹500        ₹1,000 
                 

3.  
              (
  )  ,          
  (      )
:    10,000   ,        
       
4.     
                  
               
:          ,       
       
  
              
   :
1.     
              
              
           
:             
          
2.     
               
    ,    ,      
     
:       ,     ,  
    ,         
3.       
           ,    
,  ,           
:            ,  
            
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4.            
        ,     
              
  ,           
  
5.    
 -          ,  
      :       
 ,              

6.      
  ,             

       :       
,         
  
1.   :
             - 
 ,   ()           
       
2.   :
           ,     
     ,       
3.  :
              , 
            
4.  :
                   ,
             
 

      ;           
,            ,    
,              
    ,            ,   
       
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2
6.      ?            ?
:      
      ,          
               
   ,              
   ()       ()
         ;   ,     
               ,     
 
  
1.   :
      ,         
       ,       
 
2.   :
            ,     
                
     
3.   :
 ,             ,
             
4.  :
               
       
5.    :
  ,         
 
      ,     (   )
                
        ,    ,
        
    ?
      ,    (  )   , 
            ,    ,   
21
2
                 
  ,       
   
            :    

1.  
           
  :
    (            ) 
          ,     
 ,         ,      
      
:                
    ,       ,    
   
   ():
              
             ,  
    
 :      ,         
,             
   ():
              
     CRR    ,       
     
:     ,           ,
         
   ():
        (NDTL)     , 
              
      
2.  
                 
      
22
2
  :
               
,       
:               
 
 :
              
     
:                 
 :
      ,        
  
   
            :
1.  
 :
              , 
   
:             ,  
        
  :
 (  )   ,         
       
2.   
    ,            
          
:   ,              
  
3.  
        ,      ,
             
23
2
4.   
                 ,
       
5.    
     ,           
      ,        

     ,  ,        
,             
          ,      
         
 ,          ,    
               ,
              
                , 
        
-
7.              ?
:   ?
               
  ,          ,       
  ,     ₹100  10    ,     
   8    ,   
  
                : -
   - 
1. - 
             ,     
     ,        ,     
                 
24
2
-   :
   :             ,
       ,       , 
         ,       ,
    
             
        ,      ,  
 
2. - 
                
                 
           ,      
-   :
  :,     
      
  
     ,        
  ,       , COVID-19   ,
           
        ,    
    (   
   ),    
  
    -     ,   ,   
          ,  
  
 :
1.     :   ,         
   ,            
    
2.            ,   
            
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2
 :
1.       ,         
              
o :   ₹10,000 ,      
 10%   ,     ₹9,000 ,   
  
2.       :         ,  
     
o    5%      8% ,  
       
3.             
             
4.               
   ,           
5.              
            ,    ,
           
    ?
              
,   -  
1.  
  (   )          
   
   :    ,         
        ,        
  
o      ,       ,  
     
   :            
              
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2
2.  
            
   :       
        ,        
  
  :              , 
        
3.   
              
             
              

o :            
  
  :         ,    
      ,  -       
        
4.   
        ,           
     ,           
           
   
 (1970  ):   ,      , 
  -         , 
   
 (2000  ):          
               
 
-19  (2020):       
           
27
2

        ,     
              
   ,       ,    
              
  ,         
              
  ,      -      
      ,          
  
8.    ?       
:  : ,   
   ?
               
               
                  
         ,    
   
          
        :
1.          
2.  :        ,   ,
,   
         ,   
    
   
             
  :
1.  
    - ()   ()  
   -      
28
2
o :  ,           
 ,            
     
2.     
             
        
o :        ,    
        
3.   
            ,
        ,   
  
4.     
               
             
 ,            
o :        ,  
      
5.      
             :
o    (     ):   
                  

o    (     ):   
             

   
              
,                :
1. 
              :
 :  ,  
 :    ,   (   )
29
2
         :
            ,    
      
    ,       ,       
   
-19   ,            
         
2.  
  ,  ,        
         
  :           ,
         
  :           
   
 ,   
     () 
                
3.   ()
          ,          
              ,  
            
:             ,
          
4.    
        ,       
         ,    

:             
     
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2
        :   
              
    () ,       ( 
      )        
     (),        
     (       )
 ,             

     
1.             
,        ,    - 
2.           
   ,        
3.   :       ,     
  
4.           ,  
    

             
   ,    ,      
       ,         
  ,            
,             
   
 ,         -      
             
:             ( )      
         ,              